Antitumor Effects of Genipin: New and Emerging Insights from Recent Studies

Genipin, an aglycone derived from geniposide found in Gardenia jasminoides, is known to be an excellent natural cross-linker, strong apoptosis inducer, and antiviral agent. Although evidence suggests antiviral activity of genipin in several in vitro viral infection systems, there have been few literatures which review antitumor effects of genipin in a variety of in vitro/in vivo models of cancers yet. In this review, we present some of the latest findings in the studies of genipin focusing on antitumor effects and its mechanisms. In brief, genipin inhibits mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 to increase accumulation of reactive oxygen species, leading to ROS/c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent apoptosis of cancer cells. Genipin also increase tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (MMP), resulting to decrease activities of MMP-2 which plays a key role in metastasis of cancers. Genipin has shown a biphasic effects on cell death and survival in cancer cells as many other plant-derived phytochemicals do. Finally we discuss the potential of genipin as a promosing novel antitumor agent which could be applicable to chemotherapy and/or chemoprevention for cancers.

Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases: an overview on their antitumor effects

The L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) constitute a major component of snake venoms and have been widely studied due to their widespread presence and various effects, such as apoptosis induction, cytotoxicity, induction and/or inhibition of platelet aggregation, hemorrhage, hemolysis, edema, as well as antimicrobial, antiparasitic and anti-HIV activities. The isolated and characterized snake venom LAAOs have become important research targets due to their potential biotechnological applications in pursuit for new drugs of interest in the scientific and medical fields. The current study discusses the antitumor effects of snake venom LAAOs described in the literature to date, highlighting the mechanisms of apoptosis induction proposed for this class of proteins.

Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases: an overview on their antitumor effects

The L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) constitute a major component of snake venoms and have been widely studied due to their widespread presence and various effects, such as apoptosis induction, cytotoxicity, induction and/or inhibition of platelet aggregation, hemorrhage, hemolysis, edema, as well as antimicrobial, antiparasitic and anti-HIV activities. The isolated and characterized snake venom LAAOs have become important research targets due to their potential biotechnological applications in pursuit for new drugs of interest in the scientific and medical fields. The current study discusses the antitumor effects of snake venom LAAOs described in the literature to date, highlighting the mechanisms of apoptosis induction proposed for this class of proteins.

Photodynamic effect of new photodynamic therapy combined with nucleolin silenceon cervical cancer cell line SiHa / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective To study the antitumor effect of new photodynamic therapy (PDT) applying TMPyP4 combined with nucleolin silence on cervical cancer SiHa cells in vitro, and to explore an available combination treatment project for cervical cancer.Methods The SiHa Cells were divided into blank control group, RNAi group,PDT group and PDT-RNAi group.The proliferation activities of SiHa cells were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8)assay.The apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry (FCM)with Annexin Ⅴ/PI staining. The invasiveness abilities were assessed by Transwell assay. Results Compared with blank control group, the inhibitory rates of growth of SiHa cells in RNAi group, PDT group and PDT-RNAi group were increased significantly (P<0.01);the inhibitory rates of growth of SiHa cells in PDT-RNAi group were higher than those in PDT group and RNAi group (P<0.05 ). The Q value was 1.27. Compared with blank control group, the apoptotic rates of SiHa cells in experiment groups were increased (P<0.05 ), and the late apoptotic rate in PDT-RNAi group was also increased;there were significant differences of the apoptotic rates between PDT-RNAi group and RNAi group, PDT group (P<0.05 ). Compared with blank control group, the cell invasiveness abilities of SiHa cells in experiment groups were decreased;there were significant differences of the invasiveness abilities of SiHa cells between PDT group and RNAi group (P<0.05).Conclusion New PDT shows a strong photodynamic effect on the SiHa cells,which can inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness and induce the apoptosis of SiHa cells invitro;nucleolin silence shows a good synergy effect to PDT.

Overview of Antitumor Effects and Mechanism of Ginsenoside Rb1, Rg3, Rh2 / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Ginsenoside is the main component of antitumor effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Ginseng. Clinical pharmacological studies have shown that Ginsenoside Rb1 can inhibit P-gp which can lead to efflux of drugs, enhance the sensitivity of cells to drugs, reduce the multidrug resistance of the tumor cell, and maintain the immune function of the body to tumor cells. Ginsenoside Rg3 can impact tumor cell protein expression, play a role in cell division, induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth of blood vessels. Ginsenoside Rh2 may play an antitumor effect by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, inducing tumor cell apoptosis. This article ex-plained the antitumor effects and mechanism of Ginsenoside Rb1, Rg3, Rh2 in order to provide theoretical evidences for the clinical development and application.

Enhanced antitumor effects of exosomes derived from heat-shocked E.G7-OVA tumor cells / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To study the antitumor effects of exosomes derived from heat-shocked E.G7-OVA tumor cells in vivo. Methods Exosomes derived from E.G7-OVA tumor cells were isolated and purified by serial centrifugation and sucrose gradients ultracentrifugation. Exosomes from heat-shocked or non-heat-shocked E.G7-OVA tumor cells were named as Exo/HS and Exo correspondingly. Exosomes were viewed by electron microscopy. Protein components of exosomes were detected by Western blot. Exo, Exo/ HS or PBS were injected into mice before injection of E.G7-OVA tumor cells, and antitumor effects were ob-served in each group. Mouse model bearing E.G7-OVA tumor cells were established to examine immunother-apy effects of Exo or Exo/HS. Cytotoxity of spleen CTL were measured by LDH. Results Exosomes con-tained bi-layer membrane and their diameters are between 40 nm and 100 nm under electron microscopy. The Western blot results showed that HSC70, HSP70, HSP60, HSP90, MHC Ⅰ and OVA were present in both Exo and Exo/HS. However, Exo/HS contained more HSP70 and MHC Ⅰ than Exo. Protective antitu-mor immunity suggested that tumor-free survival (90 days) rate in Exo/HS vaccinated mice was significantly higher than those in Exo or PBS vaccinated mice (50%, 20%, 0%, P<0.01). Therapeutic antitumor effects showed that immunization by Exo/HS resulted in dramatically enhanced antitumor effects when com-pared to the Exo- or PBS-treated groups (P<0.01). CTL results showed that immunization with Exo/HS in-duced higher level of OVA-specific CTL responses as compared with those from Exo or PBS (P<0.01). Conclusion Exosomes derived heat-shocked E.G7-OVA tumor cells may be used as potent cancer vaccine.

The Antitumor Effects of Tumor Vaccine with Expression of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Anchored on Mouse Melanoma Tumor Cell Surface / 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志

Objective: To investigate the vaccine potency of GM-CSF anchored B16 tumor cells. Methods: In this study, mGM-CSF was expressed on surface of B16 mice melanoma cells by GPI-modifying. C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with GM-CSF anchored cells and wide-type B16 cells to evaluate whether the GM-CSF anchored cells could elicit a protective and systemtic antitumor response. Results: GM-CSF anchored cells resulted in remarkable loss of tumorgenicity in syngenetic mice. The tumor occurrence rate of GM-CSF anchored B16 cells was 58. 8% on C57BL/6 mice with 1 ? 106 B16 cells/mice inoculated ( n = 12) and that of wide-type B16 cells was 100% , The C57BL/6 mice receiving inoculation with 5 ? 105GM-CSF anchored cells/mice never grew tumor. These mice were challenged with wide-type B16 cells, and only a minority of mice grew tumor after wide-type B16 cells inoculation. Conclusion:GM-CSF protein anchored cells could elicit a protective and systemtic antitumor responses.

Antitumor effects of extract from Ligia exotica(Roux) / 中国海洋药物

Objective To study the antitumor activities of extract from Ligia exotica(Roux).Methods The dried powder of total Ligia exotica(Roux) was extracted by 37 ℃ water.The solution was concentrated in vacuum,and then was freeze-dried to afford crude extract.The inhibitory effect of the extract on tumor cells proliferation was assayed by MTT method,and transplant tumor model of sarcoma 180(S180) was used.Results The extract from Ligia exotica displayed obvious proliferation inhibitory effect on HeLa,7901,NCI cells,and no growth inhibitory effect on 929 cells in vitro.After administration at the doses of 0.25,0.50,1.00 g?kg-1,ip,for 7d in tumor-bearing mice with S180,The extract caused 26.9 %,45.3 %,64.6 % inhibition rates,respectively.Conclusion The extract from Ligia exotica showed significant antitumor activity.

Interleukin-24 and its antitumor effects / 第二军医大学学报

Interleukin 24(IL 24),also called the melanoma differentiation associated gene 7(MDA 7),is stably expressed in human tissues associated with the immune system such as the spleen,thymus,peripheral blood leukocytes and normal melanocytes. IL 24 binds to IL 20 and IL 22 receptor complexes(IL 22R1/IL 20R2 and IL 20R1/IL 20R2),and induces secretion of high levels of IL 6,TNF alpha,and IFN gamma and low levels of IL 1beta,IL 12,and GM CSF from human PBMC. Adenoviral IL 24(Ad IL 24) induces growth suppression and apoptosis selectively in diverse human cancers and tumor cell lines without producing any apparent harmful effect in normal cells. The effects of Ad IL 24 are associated to the ratio of pro apoptotic(BAX,BAK) to anti apoptotic(Bcl 2) proteins,and the up regulation of p38 MAPK and a family of growth arrest and DNA damage(GADD) inducible genes. These demonstrate the potential therapeutic effects of Ad IL 24 in human cancer.